as NMOSD-like phenotype presenting with ON and TM. In addition, combinations of these syndromes can occur, e.g. The clinical phenotype of MOGAD is broad, and includes uni- and bilateral anterior ON, long and short transverse myelitis (TM), ADEM, brain stem encephalitis and cortical encephalitis with or without seizures. This review article will give an overview of the clinical, radiological and advanced imaging aspects which are currently of high interest for the MOGAD clinical research community. Due to the widespread nervous system affection in MOGAD, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) are important imaging tools in gaining more knowledge concerning the disease and for the monitoring of patients with this rare set of disorders. These conditions apparently exhibit differential responses to immunotherapies, underscoring the necessity for accurate and timely diagnostic procedures during which neuroimaging plays a paramount role. Increasing clinical and pathological evidence now strongly indicates that MOGAD represent a distinct disease entity different from other neuroinflammatory and demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS) or aquaporin-4 (AQP4) IgG-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). It remains unclear whether MOG-IgG has a direct pathogenic role or whether it is a biomarker reflecting an immunological response from disrupted myelin in the MOG-IgG-associated demyelinating disease spectrum. Ī direct pathophysiological effect of the MOG-IgG in the central nervous system (CNS) has yet to be elucidated. MOGAD are rare, with an incidence of 1.1–2.4 per million people and are more frequent in children compared with adults, as reported in a recent Dutch cohort with an incidence of 3.1 per million in children. Clinical presentation can include monophasic or recurrent episodes of optic neuritis (ON), myelitis, brain stem syndromes, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) and symptoms of encephalitis such as seizures. MOGAD occur in both children and adults and comprise a heterogeneous disease spectrum. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) immunlglobulin (Ig)G antibody-associated disorders (MOGAD) describe a new entity of demyelinating neurological syndromes defined by the presence of serum IgG autoantibodies against MOG detected by cell-based assays. Magnetic resonance imaging, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein associated disorders, optical coherence tomography INTRODUCTION
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